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⁴ McClelland, , Theory and the International System (New York: Macmillan 1966), 59.Google Scholar Cf. Singer, , “System stability and transformation: a global system approach,” British Journal of International Studies, 111 (October 1977), 231–32.Google Scholar

⁵ McClelland, , “The Anticipation of International Crises: Prospects for Theory and Research,” International Studies Quarterly, XXI (March 1977), 15–38CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Singer, , “The ‘Correlates of War’ Project: Interim Report and Rationale,” World Politics, XXIV (January 1972), 243–70.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Several appreciations of Singer's work may be found in Hoole, Francis W. and Zinnes, Dina A., eds., Quantitative International Politics: An Appraisal (New York: Praeger 1976).Google Scholar

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⁸ “Agraria and Industria: Two Models of the International System,” in Knorr, and Verba, (fn. 2), 124.Google Scholar Several essays regarding relationships between polarity and stability in international systems furnish additional examples of largely hypothetical systems: Kenneth N. Waltz, “International Structure, National Force, and the Balance of Power,” Karl W. Deutsch and J. David Singer, “Multipolar Power Systems and International Stability,” and Richard Rosecrance, “Bipolarity, Multipolarity, and the Future,” all in Rosenau, (fn. 6): 304–14, 315–24, 325–35.Google Scholar

⁹ Bull, , The Anarchical Society: A Study of Order in World Politics (London: Macmillan 1977), 233–317.CrossRefGoogle Scholar Cf. Falk, , This Endangered Planet: Prospects and Proposals for Human Survival (New York: Random House 1971).Google Scholar

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¹⁷ Bull has provided a fuller discussion of Wight's contributions to international relations theory in “Martin Wight and the theory of international relations: The Sec ond Martin Wight Memorial Lecture,” British Journal of International Studies, 11 (July 1976), 101–16.

¹⁸ Alexandrowicz, Charles H., “New and Original States: The Issue of Reversion to Sovereignty,” International Affairs, Vol. 65 (July 1969), 465–80.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

¹⁹ Cf. Hinsley, , Power and the Pursuit of Peace: Theory and Practice in the History of Relations between States (London: Cambridge University Press 1963), 153–85.Google Scholar Incidentally, the Europe of the Reformation and the Thirty Years’ War was hardly a “united” fortress, and the Ottoman threat was still taken seriously in the late eighteenth century.

²⁰ Cf. pp. 27, 30–31, 42, 141, 187–88. Northedge at one point deviates from his contention that foreign policy decisions are determined by systemic necessities. The deviation concerns the developing states which, as Northedge notes, are typically non-aligned and anticolonialist champions of a new international economic order: “For many of these states foreign policy tends to be rather more an external projection of internal requirements than a rational reaction to international events. To that extent, to revert to our terminology, their behaviour in the international system is ‘idiosyncratic’ rather than ‘systemic’” (p. 172). It would seem just as logical to argue that these policies are “systemic,” reflecting conformity to prevailing fashions among peers in the system.

²¹ Waltz, (fn. 11), 65.Google Scholar

²² Rosecrance (fn. 3).

²³ Aron, (fn. 2), 148Google Scholar; emphasis in original.

²⁴ Waltz, Deutsch and Singer, and Rosecrance (fn. 8). This criticism applies with greater force to Deutsch and Singer, of course. Waltz, (fn. 11), p. 11Google Scholar, has, incidentally, acknowledged the justice of such criticism.

²⁵ Kaplan (fn. 6).

²⁶ J. David Singer and Melvin Small, “National Alliance Commitments and War Involvement, 1818–1945,” in Rosenau, (fn. 6), 513–14.Google Scholar

²⁷ Ibid., 515, 523–24.

²⁸ Cf. Waltz, (fn. 11), 47–50.Google Scholar

²⁹ Ibid., 46.

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³¹ Waltz, (fn. 11), 12.Google Scholar

³² That is not to imply that useful historical studies have not been done. For examples, see Davidson, Basil, The Lost Cities of Africa (rev. ed.; Boston: Little, Brown 1970)Google Scholar, and Brundage, Burr C., Two Earths, Two Heavens: An Essay Contrasting the Aztecs and the Incas (Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press 1975).Google Scholar

³³ Albright, W. F., “The Amarna Letters from Palestine,” The Cambridge Ancient History, II (rev. ed.; London: Cambridge University Press 1966)Google Scholar, chap, XX, 12.

³⁴ See, for example, Bohannon, Paul, ed., Law and Warfare: Studies in the Anthropology of Conflict (New York: Natural History Press 1967).Google Scholar

³⁵ Cf. Emerson, Rupert, “The New Higher Law of Anti-Colonialism,” in Deutsch, Karl and Hoffmann, Stanley, eds., The Relevance of International Law (New York: Doubleday 1971), 202–30Google Scholar; Emerson, , “The Fate of Human Rights in the Third World,” World Politics, XXVII (January 1975), 201–26CrossRefGoogle Scholar; Cooper, Richard N., “A New International Economic Order for Mutual Gain,” Foreign Policy, No. 26 (Spring 1977), 66–120.CrossRefGoogle Scholar

³⁶ Bozeman, , The Future of Law in a Multicultural World (Princeton: Princeton University Press 1971)Google Scholar; Bozeman, , “War and the Clash of Ideas,” Orbis, XX (Spring 1976), 61–102.Google Scholar For a useful discussion of Lasswell and McDougal, with an ample bibliography, see Tipson, Frederick S., “The Lasswell-McDougal Enterprise: Toward a World Public Order of Human Dignity,” Virginia Journal of International Law, XIV (Spring 1974), 535–85.Google Scholar

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